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The D series has seven sectors D-11 to D-17 , of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. Lahore eventually became capital of the in the early 19th century, and regained much of its lost grandeur.

Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from and rest from. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the testify to the endeavours of early man in the period. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered social partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. Though Khan was able to pakistan dating club back control after the Persian armies had left, Nader Shah's invasion shifted trade routes away from Lahore, and south towards instead. His army marched to Anarkali, where the gatekeeper of theMukham Din Chaudhry, met the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi Misl chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780. Main article: No social records exist to elucidate Lahore's earliest history, and Lahore's ambiguous early history have given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Retrieved 2 August 2007.

The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and. Islamabad is a ; it is categorised as on the , with an HDI of 0. Some 42% of its work force is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services.

Islamabad Hotels - Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University.

With a population of 1,014,825 at the 2017 Census, it is the city of , while the larger is the third largest in Pakistan with a population exceeding four million. The city is the political seat of Pakistan and is administered by the , supported by the CDA. Islamabad is located in the in the northeastern part of the country, between and the to the north. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of and with the Margalla Pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. Islamabad was built during the 1960s to replace as Pakistan's capital. The city's master-plan, designed by , divides the city into eight zones, including administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational sectors, industrial sectors, commercial areas, and rural and green areas. The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the and. The city is home to several landmarks, including the , the in South Asia and the in the world. Islamabad is a ; it is categorised as on the , with an HDI of 0. The city has the highest in Pakistan, and its population is dominated by and class citizens. The city is home to twenty universities, including the , , and. The city is one of the safest in Pakistan, and has an expansive surveillance system with 1,900 cameras. Main article: Early history , located on the of the , is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the testify to the endeavours of early man in the period. Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture. This stupa belongs to 2nd to 5th century AC. Abdul Ghafoor Lone was the team leader of the project. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BC that show this region was home to people who settled on the banks of the , who developed small communities in the region at around 3000 BC. One end of the flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was an early settlement of the community. A Buddhist town once existed in the region. Many great armies such as those of , , and used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a for several reasons. Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on the colonial centre of Karachi, and President wanted it equally distributed. Moreover, Karachi was located at the southern end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the in and the disputed territory of in the north. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959. A Greek firm of architects, , designed the master plan of the city based on a which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the. The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to in the early sixties and then to Islamabad when the essential development work was completed in 1966. Recent history The was built in 2015 to connect Islamabad with neighbouring. Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the summit. Year 2014 has brought in major changes in Islamabad. Construction of the began on 28 February 2014 which was completed in March 2015, with 60 buses plying on the route. The Rawalpindi Development Authority took care of the project with a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab. In October 2005, the city suffered some damage due to the which had a magnitude of 7. Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Red Mosque , the June 2008 , and the September 2008. In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the. Islamabad's deciduous trees change colours in autumn Islamabad is located at at the northern edge of the and at the foot of the in. Its is 540 metres 1,770 ft. The modern capital and the ancient city of Rawalpindi stand side by side and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities, where no exact boundary exists between the two cities. To the northeast of the city lies the hill station of , and to the north lies the of. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres 75 mi SSW of , 185 kilometres 115 mi east of , 295 kilometres 183 mi NNW of , and 300 kilometres 190 mi WSW of , the capital of the Indian state of. The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres 350 sq mi. A further 2,717 square kilometres 1,049 sq mi area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the is located. Climate Main article: The climate of Islamabad has a : Cwa , with five seasons: Winter November—February , Spring March and April , Summer May and June , Rainy Monsoon July and August and Autumn September and October. The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C 100. The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening with the possibility of and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: , , and. The latter is located on the near the town of , about 40 kilometres 25 mi from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres 19 mi north of Islamabad. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the , covering an area of 1,087 acres 440 ha. The highest monthly rainfall of 743. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably and. The temperatures range from 13 °C 55 °F in January to 38 °C 100 °F in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46. The city has recorded snowfall. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm 24 in of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well. Climate data for Islamabad 1961—1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 30. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area. Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors. Sectors Main article: Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors D-11 to D-17 , of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of , , and the. The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The is a major landmark of the F-8 sector. G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and in G-5, the in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8, and the in G-9. The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17. Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The flows into the city through Zone V. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the , while is part of , which is part of province of. Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, , Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: the former Murree Highway and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent. The is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include and. The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture. The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by , a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by of. The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions. The seven star hotel was designed by. The newly built is another example of modern architecture in the city. Main article: The of the majority of the population is at 68%, and the major dialect is. The total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority 691,977 coming from. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from and rest from ,. Smaller populations emigrated from , , and. The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15—64 years, around 59. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%. The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213 and the unemployment rate is 15. Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95. In rural areas this percentage is 98. Per 1998 census in urban areas the percentage of Muslims is 97. The second largest religion is Christianity, with 4. Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0. The exchange had 118 members with 104 and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares. According to the 's of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan. Islambad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues. As of 2012 , Islamabad LTU Large Tax Unit was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue. Islamabad has seen an expansion in with the addition two , which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from. Main article: Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as , , and can still be found in the region. A 15th-century fort, Fort is located near Islamabad. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda. The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic is located at , which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region. The shrine of was built by. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1. The in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan. Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%, and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country. A large number of and sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad 31 pre-primary, 2 , 367 primary, 162 , 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26. There are seven institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty. The in Islamabad is 0. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 institutes in Islamabad. Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls. There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers. Most of the top ranked universities; , and , also have their headquarters in the capital. The , is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include , , , , , , , , Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, , , , , , and. Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is PIMS hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services. The hospital has 30 major medical departments. PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties. The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services. PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center. PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 beds and facilities in 35 different specialisations. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 , and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations. This service covers a huge distance from city Saddar, Rawalpindi to Pak-Secretariat, Islamabad. This service is very reliable and consistent, and the labor force as well as students are using this government provided service on a daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G-13 and H-12. Work is currently being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway. Private transport People use private transport like , and for local journeys. In March, 2016, Careem became functional in Islamabad and with taxi services. Roadways is 367 km 228 mi long and connect Islamabad and Lahore. Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the , which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles. Jinnah Sports Stadium Islamabad has a multipurpose sports complex opposite. It includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. There is another multipurpose sports complex in the F6 Markaz. It has tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad. Major sports in the city include , , , , table tennis, rugby and. The city is home to , which won the first ever in , and Islamabad All Stars, which participates in the Super Kabaddi League. Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills. The Pakistan Sports Complex has three swimming pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends. Trail 3 Islamabad The most famous and old hiking track of Islamabad. It starts from the Margalla road sector F-6. The trail is exhausting to some extent, due to steep hills. The course will lead you to the which goes up to the Viewpoint and is about a 30 - 50 min. After the Viewpoint you can continue on for another easy-going 45 - 60 mins and reach the Pir Sohawa, where you can choose from 2 restaurants for food, and La Montana. In totality, it is approximately one hour thirty minute walk. Pakistan National Monument Located in Islamabad, the Pakistan National Monument is a representation of the four provinces and three territories of the nation. Designed by the famous architect, Arif Masood, this blooming flower shaped structure reflects the progress and prosperity of Pakistan. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2013. Archived from on 2008-06-30. Archived from on 12 May 2016. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ed. Retrieved 15 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2017. Archived from on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012. Archived from on 2008-06-30. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 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